Guidelines and Standard Operating Protocol for Pediatric Dental Practice during COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Juan F Yepes, Jatinder K Dhillon, Ferah Rehman, Monika Grewal
Citation Information :
Yepes JF, Dhillon JK, Rehman F, Grewal M. Guidelines and Standard Operating Protocol for Pediatric Dental Practice during COVID-19: A Systematic Review. J South Asian Assoc Pediatr Dent 2021; 4 (3):219-224.
Objective: To scrutinize and consolidate treatment protocols and infection control measures to be practiced in pediatric dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic.
Study design: A systematic search pertaining to pediatric dental practice during COVID-19 was conducted using various electronic databases from 1st March to 31st July, 2020. The search resulted in a total of 145 records, out of which only 12 studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria which were included in the present review.
Results: Data analysis was compiled under the following categories: Triage, waiting area and operatory changes, dentist's safety, procedures to be undertaken during COVID-19, specific guidelines for trauma and children with special healthcare needs (SHCN) and infection control. Teledentistry, personal protective equipment (PPE), minimally invasive dentistry and non-aerosol-generating procedures are highly recommended. Urgent care should be provided to patients with dental trauma and SHCN. Surface disinfection and hand hygiene are considered important.
Conclusion: Transmission risk among children should not be overlooked and all the standard measures of prevention must be ensured in the pediatric practice.
Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. J Emerg Med 2020;58(4):712–713. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.006
Foster CE, Moulton EA, Munoz FM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in children cared for at Texas Children's Hospital: initial clinical characteristics and outcomes. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020;9(3):373–377. DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa072
Xu H, Liu E, Xie J, et al. A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from western China. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8(10):623.
Assaker R, Colas AE, Julien-Marsollier F, et al. Presenting symptoms of COVID-19 in children: a meta-analysis of published studies. Br J Anaesth 2020;125(3):330–332. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.026
Poline J, Gaschignard J, Leblanc C, et al. Systematic SARS-CoV-2 screening at hospital admission in children: a French prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2020;ciaa1044. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1044
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): how is it transmitted? Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies / diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail /coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted, updated on 20 Oct 2020.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions
World Health Organization pandemic phase descriptions [Internet].[cited 2020 Oct 11] Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/pandemic_phase_descriptions_and_actions.pdf.
Brazil National Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude). [Internet]. Dental care during COVID-19 [cited 2020 Oct 11]. Retrieved from: http://website.cfo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID-19_ATENDIMENTO-ODONTOLOGI CONO-SUS.pdf.
Meyer BD, Casamassimo P, Vann WF. An algorithm for managing emergent dental conditions for children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 43(3):201–206. DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-43.3.10
Mallineni SK, Innes NP, Raggio DP, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): characteristics in children and considerations for dentists providing their care. Int J Paediatr Dent 2020;30(3):245–250.
Ferrazzano GF, Ingenito A, Cantile T. COVID-19 disease in children: what dentists should know and do to prevent viral spread. The Italian point of view. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(10):3642. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103642
Ilyas N, Agel M, Mitchell J et al. COVID-19 pandemic: the first wave - an audit and guidance for paediatric dentistry. Br Dent J 2020; 228(12):927–931.
Cianetti S, Pagano S, Nardone M, et al. Model for taking care of patients with early childhood caries during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(11):3751. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113751
Al-Halabi M, Salami A, Alnuaimi E, et al. Assessment of paediatric dental guidelines and caries management alternatives in the post COVID-19 period. A critical review and clinical recommendations Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 21:543–546. DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00547-5
Amorim LM, Maske TT, Ferreira SH, et al. New post-COVID-19 biosafety protocols in pediatric dentistry. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr 2020; 20(Suppl. 1):e0117. DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.117
Jayaraman J, Dhar V, Moorani Z, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on pediatric dental practice in the United States Pediatr Dent 2020; 42(3):180–183.
Bahramian H, Gharib B, Baghalian A. COVID-19 considerations in pediatric dentistry. JDR Clin Trans Res 2020; 5(4):307–311.
Singh V, Lehl GK, Talwar M, et al. The novel coronavirus and challenges for general and paediatric dentists. Occup Med (Lond) 2020; 70(5):320–322. DOI: 10.1177/2380084420941503
Al-Sehaibany FS. Middle East respiratory syndrome in children. Dental considerations Saudi Med J 2017; 38(4):339–343. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.15777
Cagetti MG, Angelino E. Could SARS-CoV-2 burst the use of non-invasive and minimally invasive treatments in paediatric dentistry? Int J Paediatr Dent 2020; 00:1–4. DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12679
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus infections in children including COVID-19: an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39(5):355–368. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002660
Kathryn Moffett-Bradford et al., Science alert [Internet]. Do children spread COVID-19? Paediatricians break down what we know so far. [cited 2020 Oct 11]https://www.sciencealert.com/paediatricians-explain-what-we-know-about-children-who-get-covid-19#
Park YJ, Choe YJ, Park O, et al. COVID-19 national emergency response center, epidemiology and case management team. Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(10):2465–2468.
Cruz AT, Zeichner SL. COVID-19 in children: initial characterization of the pediatric disease. Pediatrics 2020;145(6):e202008 34. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0834
Guidance for Dental Settings. [Internet]. Interim infection prevention and control guidance for dental settings during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. [cited 2020 Oct 11] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.html
Guidelines for Dental Professionals in Covid-19 pandemic situation. [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 11] Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/DentalAdvisoryF.pdf/
Urgent dental care guidance and standard operating procedure. [Internet]. NHS England and NHS Improvement coronavirus, 2020. [cited 2020 Oct 11] Retrieved from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/publication/covid-19-guidance-and-standard-operating-procedure-urgent-dental-care-systems-in-the-context-of-coronavirus/.
Liu J, Liao X, Qian S, et al. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(6):1320–1323. DOI: 10.3201/eid2606.200239
Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25(5):200006 2. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223):497-506.
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(18):1708–1720. DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020; 104(3):246–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
Chen J. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV-A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes Infect 2020; 22(2):69–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.004
Cleveland JL, Gray SK, Harte JA, et al. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens in US dental healthcare settings: 2016 update. J Am Dent Assoc 2016;147(9):729–738. DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.03.020
Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: a brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc 2004; 135(4):429–437. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207
Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, et al. Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol. 2011; 85(8):4025–4030. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02292-10
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. China novel coronavirus investigating and research team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8):727–733. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, et al. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of Mouthrinses with β-cyclodextrin combined with Citrox in preventing infection and progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9(4):1126. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041126
Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Viruses 2012; 4(11):3044–3068. DOI: 10.3390/v4113044
Gercina AC, de Souza Amorim K, Pagaduan R, et al. What is the best mouthrinse against Coronaviruses? Oral Surg 2020;13: DOI: 10.1111/ors.12549
Samaranayake LP, Reid J, Evans D. The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination. ASDC J Dent Child 1989;56(6):442–444.
Samaranayake LP, Peiris M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135(9):1292–1302. DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0405
Otter JA, Donskey C, Yezli S, et al. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect 2016; 92(3):235–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.027